Annotated Bibliography ...
Bessenoff, G., & Snow, D. (2006). Absorbing Society’s Influence: Body Image Self-Discrepancy and Internalized
Shame. Sex Roles, 54(9/10), 727-731. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9038-7
The authors of this article conducted an experiment with college women as the participants to see how societal standards effect their perception of their self-image, more specifically their body image. The participants’ body image was measured in comparison to what is socially accepted. The authors explain to their readers that there are two types of body image: self- discrepancy (the individual’s own ideal of how they look) and actual societal ought (the individual’s knowledge of her short comings to meet societal standards). What was found through this experiment that most of the participants’ ideal body image and their actual body image were unrealistic (thin) and most women internalized their dislike for current self-image. “The results of the present study suggest that not only is there is an injunctive cultural norm for women’s bodies that is believed to be extremely thin, but this standard is related to personal body ideals” (Bessenoff & Snow, 2006, pg. 730). This article fits into our research because it solidifies the known fact that society has a major influence on how women view themselves and what standards they try to reach due to this strong influence.
Brownell, K. (1999). Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Body Image: An Investigation of Gender Roles, and Social Group
Affiliations
Brownell is the Director of the Rudd Center for food policy and obesity at Yale. He targets women in general as he discusses gender roles when dealing with body images. More specifically, this article speaks to those who deal with these issues themselves. It focuses on our ideals of masculine/feminine traits and includes women with different levels of femininity. This study is important because it focuses on societal pressures and their influence on body image. By reporting that masculine females have more positive body images, it shows that it is more of a sociological issue rather than biological.
Feingold, A (1998). Gender Differences in Body Image are Increasing, Psychological Science, 9 (3), 190-194.
http://www.stemequitypipeline.org/_documents/Feingold%20and%20Mazzella%20(1998)%20gender%20diffs%20in%20body%20image%20are%20increasing.pdf
Alan Feingold worked for nearly a decade as a biostatistician. He is currently the staff affiliate of Psychology at Yale. He focuses on applying advanced statistical techniques to complex longitudinal data on substance abuse. His journal “Gender Differences in Body Image are Increasing” reaches out to the female audience. However, it addresses an issue that everyone can benefit from. This article focuses on the problem that many females have with body image. It also illustrates how much larger this problem is for females when compared to males.
Kirkwood, L. (2005). An Artist's Perspective on Body Image, the Media, and Contemporary Society. Journal Of Nutrition
Education & Behavior, 37S125-S132.
Kirkwood examines body image through art. The main focus of this article is to break the stereotypes of the societal perceived perfect body type. One of this authors main focuses is for the reader to discover the many ways to love one's body. The authors looks at other ways of healthy body image promotion through our media. Creating his work of art he can display his view of the perfect body image and in turn get others change their view of themselves and their view of others. This article is relevant to the research because it is providing a solution to the improper body image our society has developed. "The purpose of The Body Imaj^e Project is to help in the fight to change the way we look at ourselves and at others. By using the human body as subject iTiatter, I am trying to focus on aesthetic appreciation of the human form and to deal with self- worth by exploring the concept of beauty” (Kirkwood, 2009, pg. 125).
Moulding, N. T. (2007). "Love your body, move your body, feed your body": Discourses of self-care and social marketing in a
body image health promotion program. Critical Public Health, 17(1), 57-69. doi:10.1080/09581590601176371
This article explores the topic of positive intervention with the implementation of bod image companies who market a healthy lifestyle (health promotion) to its consumers. The author doesn’t shy away from the know face that western society places enormous emphasis on body image, especially a female’s body image. The main point in this article is to take an in-depth look at The Body Image Dissatisfaction (BID) program in Australia. This article is relevant to the research because instead of stating the many ways body image is an issue; this author gives a solution to the problem. BID programs target health issues such as eating disorders and unhealthy lifestyle. “Because of its social view of health and its emphasis on the socio-cultural aspects of health problems health promotion presents as a potentially useful intervention for addressing health problems that emerge under very particular social conditions”(Moulding, 2007, pg. 59).
O'dea, J, Abraham, S (2000). Improving the Body Image, Eating Attitudes, and Behaviors of Young Male and Female
Adolescents: A New Educational Approach that Focuses on Self-Esteem, The International Journal of Eating Disorders
, 28 (1), 43-57. http://www.mendeley.com/research/improving-body-image-eating-attitudes-behaviors-young-
male-female-adolescents-new-educational-approach-focuses-selfesteem/
Jennifer O’Dea serves on the Faculty of Education at the University of Sydney in Sydney, Australian. She works as a nutritionist and a health educator with a special interest in child/adolescent health and nutrition. She also participates in body image research and the prevention of eating disorders and child obesity. This is the audience that this article appeals to. It seems most useful to adolescents with negative body images, eating attitudes, and body images. The study uses and appears to target those between the ages of eleven and fourteen. [enter comparison] Sixty-three percent of the subjects used were female. They all entered with issues dealing with body image. This study proposes a way of improving this.
South Carolina Department of Mental Health (2006). Eating Disorder Statistics. [Data File]. Retrieved from
http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/anorexia/statistics.htm.
This set of statistical data presented to the public by the South Carolina Department of Mental Health gives information about eating disorders from 2006. How this is relevant to the research that is being done is eating disorders are one way women try to control their body image and keep up with societal standards.
Shame. Sex Roles, 54(9/10), 727-731. doi:10.1007/s11199-006-9038-7
The authors of this article conducted an experiment with college women as the participants to see how societal standards effect their perception of their self-image, more specifically their body image. The participants’ body image was measured in comparison to what is socially accepted. The authors explain to their readers that there are two types of body image: self- discrepancy (the individual’s own ideal of how they look) and actual societal ought (the individual’s knowledge of her short comings to meet societal standards). What was found through this experiment that most of the participants’ ideal body image and their actual body image were unrealistic (thin) and most women internalized their dislike for current self-image. “The results of the present study suggest that not only is there is an injunctive cultural norm for women’s bodies that is believed to be extremely thin, but this standard is related to personal body ideals” (Bessenoff & Snow, 2006, pg. 730). This article fits into our research because it solidifies the known fact that society has a major influence on how women view themselves and what standards they try to reach due to this strong influence.
Brownell, K. (1999). Lesbians, Bisexual Women, and Body Image: An Investigation of Gender Roles, and Social Group
Affiliations
Brownell is the Director of the Rudd Center for food policy and obesity at Yale. He targets women in general as he discusses gender roles when dealing with body images. More specifically, this article speaks to those who deal with these issues themselves. It focuses on our ideals of masculine/feminine traits and includes women with different levels of femininity. This study is important because it focuses on societal pressures and their influence on body image. By reporting that masculine females have more positive body images, it shows that it is more of a sociological issue rather than biological.
Feingold, A (1998). Gender Differences in Body Image are Increasing, Psychological Science, 9 (3), 190-194.
http://www.stemequitypipeline.org/_documents/Feingold%20and%20Mazzella%20(1998)%20gender%20diffs%20in%20body%20image%20are%20increasing.pdf
Alan Feingold worked for nearly a decade as a biostatistician. He is currently the staff affiliate of Psychology at Yale. He focuses on applying advanced statistical techniques to complex longitudinal data on substance abuse. His journal “Gender Differences in Body Image are Increasing” reaches out to the female audience. However, it addresses an issue that everyone can benefit from. This article focuses on the problem that many females have with body image. It also illustrates how much larger this problem is for females when compared to males.
Kirkwood, L. (2005). An Artist's Perspective on Body Image, the Media, and Contemporary Society. Journal Of Nutrition
Education & Behavior, 37S125-S132.
Kirkwood examines body image through art. The main focus of this article is to break the stereotypes of the societal perceived perfect body type. One of this authors main focuses is for the reader to discover the many ways to love one's body. The authors looks at other ways of healthy body image promotion through our media. Creating his work of art he can display his view of the perfect body image and in turn get others change their view of themselves and their view of others. This article is relevant to the research because it is providing a solution to the improper body image our society has developed. "The purpose of The Body Imaj^e Project is to help in the fight to change the way we look at ourselves and at others. By using the human body as subject iTiatter, I am trying to focus on aesthetic appreciation of the human form and to deal with self- worth by exploring the concept of beauty” (Kirkwood, 2009, pg. 125).
Moulding, N. T. (2007). "Love your body, move your body, feed your body": Discourses of self-care and social marketing in a
body image health promotion program. Critical Public Health, 17(1), 57-69. doi:10.1080/09581590601176371
This article explores the topic of positive intervention with the implementation of bod image companies who market a healthy lifestyle (health promotion) to its consumers. The author doesn’t shy away from the know face that western society places enormous emphasis on body image, especially a female’s body image. The main point in this article is to take an in-depth look at The Body Image Dissatisfaction (BID) program in Australia. This article is relevant to the research because instead of stating the many ways body image is an issue; this author gives a solution to the problem. BID programs target health issues such as eating disorders and unhealthy lifestyle. “Because of its social view of health and its emphasis on the socio-cultural aspects of health problems health promotion presents as a potentially useful intervention for addressing health problems that emerge under very particular social conditions”(Moulding, 2007, pg. 59).
O'dea, J, Abraham, S (2000). Improving the Body Image, Eating Attitudes, and Behaviors of Young Male and Female
Adolescents: A New Educational Approach that Focuses on Self-Esteem, The International Journal of Eating Disorders
, 28 (1), 43-57. http://www.mendeley.com/research/improving-body-image-eating-attitudes-behaviors-young-
male-female-adolescents-new-educational-approach-focuses-selfesteem/
Jennifer O’Dea serves on the Faculty of Education at the University of Sydney in Sydney, Australian. She works as a nutritionist and a health educator with a special interest in child/adolescent health and nutrition. She also participates in body image research and the prevention of eating disorders and child obesity. This is the audience that this article appeals to. It seems most useful to adolescents with negative body images, eating attitudes, and body images. The study uses and appears to target those between the ages of eleven and fourteen. [enter comparison] Sixty-three percent of the subjects used were female. They all entered with issues dealing with body image. This study proposes a way of improving this.
South Carolina Department of Mental Health (2006). Eating Disorder Statistics. [Data File]. Retrieved from
http://www.state.sc.us/dmh/anorexia/statistics.htm.
This set of statistical data presented to the public by the South Carolina Department of Mental Health gives information about eating disorders from 2006. How this is relevant to the research that is being done is eating disorders are one way women try to control their body image and keep up with societal standards.